DONATEPROSTATE CANCER
Overview
Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers affecting men, especially older adults. The challenging part is that many cases of prostate cancer begin with slow-growing tumours and may not cause noticeable symptoms until routine screening or urinary symptoms prompt further evaluation. At RGCIRC (Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute & Research Centre), prostate cancer care is delivered by a multidisciplinary team that brings deep expertise in managing early, locally advanced, and metastatic disease. The care pathway is structured around accurate diagnosis, enabled by advanced screening tools, precision-guided biopsy techniques, and modern imaging technologies. Once the diagnosis is confirmed, the team works together to design a tailored treatment plan that may include robotic or minimally invasive prostatectomy, sophisticated radiation therapy, hormone-based treatments, or targeted systemic therapies based on tumour characteristics. Every treatment plan at RGCIRC is personalised, evidence-based, and designed to support patient comfort, safety, and long-term well-being.
What is Prostate Cancer?
Prostate cancer begins when cells in the prostate gland start to grow in an abnormal and uncontrolled way. The prostate is a small, walnut-sized gland located below the bladder and in front of the rectum. It plays a role in producing seminal fluid and supporting male reproductive function. When cancer develops in this gland, it can remain confined for some time or gradually spread to nearby tissues, lymph nodes, or distant organs if not detected early.
Most prostate cancers are adenocarcinomas, meaning they arise from the prostate’s glandular cells. The behavior of the disease varies widely: some tumours grow slowly and may not cause symptoms for years, while others can be more aggressive and require prompt treatment.
Types of Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer is classified based on the type of cells where the tumour begins. Understanding these types helps doctors determine how the disease is likely to behave and which treatment options may be most appropriate.
Adenocarcinoma (Most Common Type)
Adenocarcinoma (Most Common Type) Adenocarcinoma accounts for the vast majority of prostate cancers. It originates in the glandular cells of the prostate, which produce seminal fluid. Most treatment guidelines and staging systems are based on this type because it is the most frequently diagnosed form.
Rare Types of Prostate Cancer
A small number of cases arise from other cell types within the prostate. These include:
- Small cell carcinoma: A fast-growing neuroendocrine tumour
- Transitional cell carcinoma: Usually begins in the urethra or bladder but may involve the prostate
- Squamous cell carcinoma: A rare form that develops from flat cells in the prostate
These rare cancers often behave differently from adenocarcinomas and may require specialised treatment approaches.
Causes and Risk Factors of Prostate Cancer
The exact cause of prostate cancer is not fully understood, but several factors can increase the likelihood of developing the disease. These influences relate to age, genetics, lifestyle, and long-term exposures. Having one or more risk factors does not mean a person will develop prostate cancer, but understanding them helps guide decisions on screening and early evaluation.
Age
Advancing age is one of the strongest known risk factors. Prostate cancer is more commonly diagnosed in men over 60, though it can appear earlier in some individuals.
Family History and Genetics
Men with a father, brother, or close relative who has had prostate cancer may have a higher risk of developing the condition. Certain inherited genetic changes can also contribute to susceptibility.
Lifestyle and Dietary Patterns
Long-term patterns such as limited physical activity, obesity, or diets high in processed foods and saturated fats may influence risk over time. Research continues to study these associations, and findings may evolve.
Ethnic and Biological Factors
Some population groups may have a higher incidence of prostate cancer due to genetic or biological differences. These patterns help doctors decide when screening may be beneficial.
Hormonal Influences
Male hormones (androgens) play a role in prostate growth, and certain hormonal imbalances may increase cancer risk over many years.
Environmental and Occupational Exposures
Prolonged exposure to chemicals, pollutants, or industrial agents has been linked with increased risk in some groups. However, the association varies based on exposure type and duration.
While these factors can raise the likelihood of prostate cancer, many individuals develop the condition without any known risks.
Signs and Symptoms of Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer can present in different ways depending on how quickly it grows and whether it remains within the prostate or spreads beyond it. Many early-stage cases cause no noticeable symptoms, and changes may appear gradually, often resembling common urinary or prostate conditions. Recognising these signs can help guide timely evaluation. Here are some common signs and symptoms to watch for:
Urinary Symptoms
Urinary symptoms may occur when the tumour affects the urethra or nearby tissues and can include:
- Weak or interrupted urine flow
- Difficulty starting or stopping urination
- Frequent urination, especially at night
- Urgency to urinate
- A feeling of incomplete bladder emptying
Discomfort or Pain
Some individuals may experience:
- Pain or pressure in the lower pelvis
- Discomfort in the lower back or hips
- Pain during urination or ejaculation (less common)
General Symptoms
Changes that may appear as the disease progresses include:
- Unexplained weight loss
- Persistent fatigue or reduced energy levels
Symptoms of Advanced Disease
When prostate cancer spreads beyond the gland, additional symptoms may develop, such as:
- Bone pain, particularly in the spine, ribs, or hips
- Swelling in the legs due to lymph node involvement
- Weakness or neurological changes when the disease affects nearby structures
Note: These symptoms can also occur in benign conditions such as prostate enlargement or infections, so a structured clinical evaluation is essential.
Stages of Prostate Cancer
Staging helps determine how far prostate cancer has spread at the time of diagnosis. It serves as an essential guide for selecting the most suitable treatment approach. Doctors at RGCIRC use a combination of PSA levels, imaging findings, biopsy results, and tumour characteristics to identify the stage of the disease. Stages include:
Localised Prostate Cancer (Cancer Confined to the Prostate)
In this stage, the tumour is limited to the prostate gland and has not spread to nearby tissues or lymph nodes. Many cancers detected at this stage grow slowly, and treatment may include active surveillance or definitive therapies such as surgery, radiation, or focal therapy, depending on the risk category.
Locally Advanced Prostate Cancer (Cancer Extending Beyond the Prostate)
Here, the tumour has grown into nearby tissues such as the seminal vesicles or pelvic lymph nodes, but has not reached distant organs. Treatment often involves a combination of approaches, including surgery, radiation therapy, and hormone therapy.
Metastatic Prostate Cancer (Cancer That Has Spread to Other Areas)
When prostate cancer spreads to distant parts of the body, such as the bones, lymph nodes, or other organs, it is considered metastatic. Treatment focuses on controlling the disease, managing symptoms, and supporting quality of life through systemic therapies.
TNM System and Gleason Score
Doctors may also use more detailed systems to describe prostate cancer:
- TNM staging assesses the tumour size (T), involvement of lymph nodes (N), and spread to distant sites (M).
- Gleason score or Grade Group describes how abnormal the cancer cells look under the microscope, helping to predict how quickly the cancer might grow.
These staging tools help the oncology team at RGCIRC design a treatment plan best suited to the individual’s diagnosis.
Screening and Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer at RGCIRC
Accurate diagnosis is essential for determining the type, stage, and aggressiveness of prostate cancer. At Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute & Research Centre (RGCIRC), prostate cancer diagnosis is guided by advanced imaging, precision-based biopsy techniques, and collaborative clinical assessment. The diagnostic process include:
Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Testing
PSA is a blood test that measures the level of prostate-specific antigen. Elevated levels may indicate prostate cancer, but they can also rise due to benign conditions such as prostate enlargement or infection. PSA is not a diagnostic test on its own, but it helps guide further evaluation.
Digital Rectal Examination (DRE)
Doctors may perform a DRE to assess the size, texture, and shape of the prostate. Any unusual findings may prompt additional testing.
Multiparametric MRI (mpMRI)
mpMRI provides detailed imaging of the prostate and surrounding tissues. It helps identify suspicious areas, assess tumour extent, and determine whether a biopsy is needed. MRI findings also support treatment planning.
TRUS-Guided Prostate Biopsy
A transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided biopsy uses ultrasound imaging to direct small tissue samples from the prostate. These samples are examined under a microscope to confirm whether cancer is present and to determine its grade.
Transperineal Prostate Biopsy
Transperineal biopsy accesses the prostate through the perineum – the area of skin between the scrotum and the rectum – rather than through the rectal wall. This approach significantly reduces the risk of post-biopsy infection and is particularly suitable for patients who have had prior negative biopsies, those at higher risk of infection via the transrectal route, or when specific areas of the prostate are difficult to sample transrectally. RGCIRC offers MRI-guided fusion transperineal biopsy, which combines multiparametric MRI targeting with real-time ultrasound guidance to improve sampling accuracy and minimise the risk of missed lesions.
PSMA PET-CT Scan (When Indicated)
Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) PET-CT can help detect the spread of prostate cancer to lymph nodes or distant organs. It is used for staging, restaging, or evaluating recurrence based on clinical need.
Pathological Examination and Gleason Grading
Biopsy samples are analysed to determine the tumour’s Gleason score or Grade Group. This information helps predict how the cancer may behave and guides discussions about treatment options.
Multidisciplinary Case Review
Following diagnostic evaluation, urologists, medical oncologists, radiation oncologists, radiologists, and pathologists review findings together to create a personalised, evidence-based treatment plan.
These diagnostic tools and collaborative processes help ensure accuracy at every step of care.
Treatment Options for Prostate Cancer at RGCIRC
Prostate cancer treatment depends on the stage of the disease, tumour behaviour, overall health, and the individual’s preferences. At Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute & Research Centre (RGCIRC), treatment planning is carried out by a multidisciplinary team of specialists who combine clinical evidence with advanced technology to recommend safe and effective options. Each plan is personalised to balance cancer control, long-term function, and quality of life. The treatment approach at RGCIRC includes multidisciplinary interventions such as:
Active Surveillance and Monitoring
Some prostate cancers grow very slowly and may not require immediate treatment. In selected low-risk cases, active surveillance allows doctors to monitor the disease closely through PSA testing, imaging, and periodic biopsies. Treatment is recommended only if there are signs that the cancer is progressing.
Surgical Treatment
Surgery is commonly recommended for localised or certain locally advanced cancers. The primary goal is to remove the prostate gland along with surrounding tissues when appropriate.
Radical Prostatectomy
RGCIRC offers open and robot-assisted radical prostatectomy. These methods aim to remove the cancer while preserving urinary and sexual function as much as possible.
Retzius-Sparing Technique
The centre also offers the Retzius-sparing technique in suitable cases. This approach may support earlier recovery of urinary continence by preserving anatomical structures involved in bladder control. Suitability is determined after detailed evaluation.
Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection
In patients with a higher risk of spread, nearby lymph nodes may be removed and examined to guide staging and subsequent treatment planning.
Radiation Therapy
Radiation therapy uses targeted high-energy beams to destroy cancer cells or control their growth. It is an important option for individuals who are not candidates for surgery or who prefer non-surgical treatment. Different forms of radiation therapy used at RGCIRC include:
- External Beam Radiation Therapy (EBRT): Delivered using advanced techniques such as IMRT or IGRT to maximise precision.
- Combined Radiation and Hormone Therapy: Used for intermediate- or high-risk disease when evidence supports improved outcomes.
- Palliative Radiation: Helps relieve symptoms such as bone pain when cancer has spread.
High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU)
HIFU is a non-invasive treatment that uses focused ultrasound waves to heat and destroy targeted prostate tissue. It is offered in selected cases based on tumour characteristics, MRI findings, and overall clinical suitability
Systemic Therapies
Systemic therapies target cancer cells throughout the body, making them an important component of care for advanced or metastatic prostate cancer.
Hormone Therapy (Androgen Deprivation Therapy – ADT)
Prostate cancer growth often depends on male hormones called androgens. Hormone therapy reduces androgen levels or blocks their effects, helping slow cancer growth.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy may be used for advanced prostate cancer, particularly when hormone therapy becomes less effective. It helps control symptoms and slow further spread.
Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy
These treatments are offered when genetic or molecular testing shows changes in the cancer cells that may make the cancer responsive to targeted agents or immunotherapy.
Complications and Side-Effect Management
Recovery after prostate cancer treatment is a gradual process that involves physical healing, emotional adjustment, and continued medical support. The pace of recovery varies among individuals and depends on the treatment received, overall health, and how the body responds over time. At Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute & Research Centre (RGCIRC), follow-up care is an integral part of the treatment pathway and is designed to promote safety, comfort, and long-term well-being. The key aspects of recovery and monitoring include:
Urinary Changes and Incontinence
Some individuals may experience temporary difficulty controlling urine flow after prostate surgery or radiation. RGCIRC provides continence support through pelvic floor physiotherapy, bladder training, and structured rehabilitation programmes. Advanced techniques, such as Retzius-sparing approaches in suitable cases, may also support early recovery of urinary control.
Erectile Dysfunction
Changes in erectile function can occur due to the proximity of nerves around the prostate. Management may include counselling, medications, and supportive therapies to help restore confidence and sexual well-being.
Bowel or Rectal Symptoms
Radiation therapy may cause temporary bowel discomfort, urgency, or mild bleeding in some individuals. Care teams monitor these changes closely and provide appropriate medical management to reduce irritation.
Hormone-Related Effects
Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) may cause fatigue, hot flashes, reduced libido, or changes in bone strength over time. Doctors monitor these effects and offer supportive measures, including lifestyle guidance and symptom-specific treatments.
Pain or Discomfort
If cancer affects the bones or surrounding structures, discomfort may occur. Pain specialists and palliative care teams provide tailored strategies to manage pain and improve daily functioning.
Emotional and Psychological Impact
A prostate cancer diagnosis and the effects of treatment can influence emotional well-being. RGCIRC offers counselling, psychological support, and guidance to help individuals and families cope during and after treatment.
Recovery, Follow-Up, and Long-Term Monitoring at RGCIRC
Recovery after prostate cancer treatment is a gradual process that involves physical healing, emotional adjustment, and ongoing medical support. The pace of recovery varies among individuals and depends on the type of treatment received, overall health, and how the body responds over time. At Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute & Research Centre (RGCIRC), follow-up care is an integral part of every treatment plan to help support safety, comfort, and long-term well-being. The main components of recovery and ongoing monitoring include:
Post-Treatment Rehabilitation and Physical Recovery
After surgery or radiation, individuals may need time to regain strength and resume daily activities. Rehabilitation programmes, including pelvic floor physiotherapy and guided exercises, help improve urinary control, mobility, and overall physical function.
PSA Monitoring and Medical Follow-Up
Regular follow-up visits include PSA testing, physical examinations, and imaging studies when indicated. These evaluations help doctors monitor recovery, address side effects, and detect any changes early.
Nutritional Guidance
Changes in appetite, energy levels, or digestion may occur during recovery. Dieticians support patients with personalised nutrition advice that helps maintain strength, manage treatment-related effects, and promote long-term health.
Emotional and Psychological Support
Prostate cancer and its treatments may affect emotional well-being. Counsellors and psychologists provide support to address anxiety, mood changes, and adjustment concerns that may arise during recovery.
Long-Term Health and Lifestyle Guidance
Doctors may recommend lifestyle adjustments such as regular physical activity, weight management, and smoking cessation, depending on individual needs. These measures help support overall health and reduce future risks.
Monitoring for Late Effects or Recurrence
Some treatment effects may appear months or years later. Structured surveillance ensures that any concerns are identified early and managed promptly.
Why RGCIRC is a Trusted Prostate Cancer Treatment Hospital in Delhi, India
Prostate cancer care requires careful evaluation, precise diagnosis, and treatment planning that considers long-term quality of life. At Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute & Research Centre (RGCIRC), these principles guide every step of the care pathway. The institute offers a combination of advanced technology, specialised expertise, and comprehensive support services that help individuals feel informed and supported throughout their treatment journey. The key strengths that make RGCIRC a trusted centre for prostate cancer care include:
Experienced Uro-Oncology and Prostate Cancer Specialists
RGCIRC’s uro-oncology team has extensive experience in managing all stages of prostate cancer. Their expertise covers detailed clinical evaluations, interpretation of complex imaging and biopsy results, and the selection of treatments most appropriate for each individual’s needs. With a strong focus on safety, consistency, and evidence-based practice, the team ensures that every patient receives personalised care supported by the latest advancements in prostate cancer management.
Advanced Diagnostic and Precision-Guided Biopsy Techniques
RGCIRC is equipped with modern imaging and biopsy technologies that support accurate diagnosis and detailed tumour assessment. Tools such as multiparametric MRI, PSMA PET-CT, TRUS-guided biopsy, and MRI–TRUS fusion biopsy help doctors pinpoint suspicious areas with greater precision and obtain targeted tissue samples. These diagnostic methods provide clearer information about tumour location, grade, and extent of disease, allowing specialists to plan the most suitable and effective treatment approach.
Comprehensive Range of Treatment Options
Patients have access to multiple treatment approaches, including robotic and minimally invasive surgery, radiation therapy, HIFU for selected cases, hormone therapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy where clinically appropriate. These options allow personalised and stage-specific care.
Multidisciplinary Tumour Board Approach
Each case is reviewed by specialists from urology, medical oncology, radiation oncology, radiology, and pathology. This collaborative process ensures that treatment recommendations reflect the latest evidence and incorporate multiple expert perspectives.
Supportive Care for Long-Term Well-Being
Dedicated teams provide support for urinary health, continence training, sexual function, nutrition, pain management, and emotional well-being. These services help individuals manage treatment-related effects and maintain their quality of life.
Commitment to Research and Evidence-Based Practice
RGCIRC participates in ongoing clinical research and academic collaborations to support continual improvement in cancer care. This commitment helps ensure that patients benefit from approaches guided by emerging knowledge and global standards.
Book an Appointment at RGCIRC
Prostate cancer can bring many questions about treatment choices, recovery, and long-term outcomes. Access to a specialised cancer centre with experienced clinicians and advanced diagnostic facilities can make a meaningful difference at every stage of care. At Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute & Research Centre, each patient receives personalised guidance, evidence-based treatment, and supportive care designed to promote safety and well-being. To consult a cancer specialist at Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute & Research Centre, call +91-11-47022222, +91 11 27051037 or fill out our contact form for more information.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Q: Which hospital is best for prostate cancer treatment in Delhi?
A: Specialised cancer centres such as RGCIRC are recognised for providing advanced diagnostic services, stage-specific treatments, and multidisciplinary care for prostate cancer in Delhi and nearby regions.
Q: What are the early signs of prostate cancer?
A: Early signs may include weak urine flow, frequent urination at night, or a feeling of incomplete bladder emptying. Some individuals may have no noticeable symptoms in the early stages, which is why timely evaluation is important.
Q: How is prostate cancer diagnosed?
A: Diagnosis may involve PSA testing, a digital rectal examination, multiparametric MRI, TRUS-guided biopsy, transperineal prostate biopsy, MRI-TRUS fusion biopsy, and PSMA PET-CT imaging when needed.
Q: Is prostate cancer curable?
A: Certain early-stage prostate cancers can be treated with curative intent. Treatment outcomes depend on the stage, tumour behaviour, and individual health factors.
Q: What is the most accurate test for prostate cancer?
A: Doctors often use a combination of PSA testing, multiparametric MRI, and a guided biopsy to confirm prostate cancer and assess its grade. No single test is considered fully definitive on its own.
Q: How is stage 4 prostate cancer treated in India?
A: Treatment may include hormone therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, PRRT (PSMA-Lu therapy) where indicated, and palliative radiation to help manage symptoms and control disease progression.
Q: What foods are recommended for prostate cancer patients?
A: Nutritional needs vary among individuals. Dieticians typically offer personalised guidance to help manage treatment-related effects and support overall health.
Q: Can prostate cancer be prevented?
A: There is no guaranteed way to prevent prostate cancer. However, maintaining a balanced lifestyle, staying physically active, and regular health checkups may help reduce risk.
Q: What is the role of radiation therapy in prostate cancer treatment?
A: Radiation therapy is used as a primary treatment for localised disease, for locally advanced prostate cancer including cases with low metastatic burden, alongside hormone therapy for selected cases, and as palliative treatment when cancer has spread to relieve symptoms such as bone pain.
Q: Where can I get a prostate cancer test near me in Delhi?
A: RGCIRC offers PSA testing, multiparametric MRI, PSMA PET-CT imaging, MRI-guided fusion transperineal biopsy, and TRUS-guided biopsy for accurate prostate cancer evaluation.
Q: What is the role of radiation therapy in prostate cancer treatment?
A: Radiation therapy is used as a primary treatment for localised disease, for locally advanced prostate cancer including cases with low metastatic burden, alongside hormone therapy for selected cases, and as palliative treatment when cancer has spread to relieve symptoms such as bone pain.
