DONATEColorectal Cancer Treatment
Overview
Colorectal cancer, which includes cancers of the colon and rectum, is among the three most common cancers worldwide, following breast and lung cancer. When detected early, it is often highly treatable, and even in advanced stages, advancements in surgical and medical oncology have expanded treatment possibilities. At RGCIRC (Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute & Research Centre), our team of experienced colorectal surgeons, medical oncologists, and radiation oncologists provide comprehensive care for patients across all stages of colorectal cancer, combining advanced diagnostic evaluation, minimally invasive and robotic colorectal surgery, and specialised treatments for complex and metastatic cancers. With a strong focus on precision, safety, and long-term outcomes, the Institute delivers structured, multidisciplinary care for individuals seeking colorectal cancer treatment in Delhi and across India.
What is Colorectal Cancer?
Colorectal cancer is a malignant growth that develops in the lining of the colon or rectum, which together form the large intestine. In most cases, the disease begins as a non-cancerous growth called a polyp. Over time, some polyps may undergo abnormal changes and progress into cancer if left undetected. Colorectal cancer may occur in any part of the colon or in the rectum, and its behaviour and treatment approach can vary depending on the tumour’s location and stage.
Causes and Risk Factors of Colorectal Cancer
The exact cause may not always be identifiable, certain factors are known to increase the likelihood of developing the disease. Common causes and risk factors include:
- Increasing Age: The risk rises after the age of 50, although younger individuals may also be affected.
- Personal or Family History: A history of colorectal cancer or adenomatous polyps in close relatives increases risk.
- Genetic Conditions: Syndromes such as Lynch syndrome and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) significantly raise the likelihood of colorectal cancer.
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Long-standing ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease affecting the colon increases cancer risk.
- Dietary and Lifestyle Factors: Diets high in red or processed meats, low dietary fibre intake, obesity, physical inactivity, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption.
- Type 2 Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders: These conditions are associated with a higher incidence of colorectal cancer.
Signs and Symptoms of Colorectal Cancer
In the early stages, some individuals may experience mild or no symptoms, which is why regular screening is important for timely detection. As the disease progresses, certain warning signs may become more noticeable.
- Changes in bowel habits, such as persistent diarrhoea, constipation, or a feeling of incomplete bowel emptying
- Blood in the stool or rectal bleeding, which may appear bright red or dark in colour
- Abdominal discomfort, including cramps, bloating, or pain
- Unexplained weight loss without changes in diet or activity
- Fatigue and weakness, often related to iron-deficiency anaemia
- Rectal pain or pressure, more commonly seen in rectal cancer
Any persistent or unexplained symptoms should be evaluated promptly. At RGCIRC, early assessment helps ensure accurate diagnosis and timely treatment planning.
Diagnosis of Colorectal Cancer at RGCIRC
Accurate diagnosis is essential for determining the extent of colorectal cancer and planning the most effective treatment. At RGCIRC, specialists follow a structured diagnostic approach that combines clinical evaluation, endoscopic procedures, imaging, and laboratory tests. This ensures personalised treatment planning. The diagnostic process may include:
Clinical Assessment
Doctors begin with a detailed review of symptoms, medical history, and family history, followed by a physical examination to identify any signs suggestive of colorectal disease.
Colonoscopy with Biopsy
Colonoscopy is the gold standard for diagnosing colorectal cancer, as it allows doctors to directly examine the inner lining of the colon and rectum. If any abnormal growths or suspicious areas are identified during the procedure, a small tissue sample is taken and examined to confirm whether cancer is present and to understand the tumour type.
Imaging Studies
Imaging tests play an important role in assessing the size of the tumour and determining whether the cancer has spread to nearby tissues or distant organs. CT scans of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis are commonly used to evaluate the extent of disease. MRI is particularly helpful for detailed staging of rectal cancer, while PET-CT may be recommended in selected cases to assess metastatic disease more accurately.
Blood Tests
Blood tests help evaluate a patient’s overall health and readiness for treatment. Routine investigations may identify anaemia or signs of infection, while tumour markers such as CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen) can support diagnosis and are often used to monitor response to treatment and follow-up.
Additional Tests (When Required)
In certain cases, endoscopic ultrasound or other specialised tests may be used to assess tumour depth or lymph node involvement more accurately.
Stages of Colorectal Cancer
Understanding the stage helps predict outcomes and guides treatment planning. Colorectal cancer is commonly classified into the following stages:
Stage I
The cancer is confined to the inner layers of the colon or rectum and has not spread beyond the bowel wall. Treatment at this stage often involves surgery alone, with a high likelihood of cure.
Stage II
The tumour has grown through the wall of the colon or rectum but has not reached nearby lymph nodes. Surgery remains the primary treatment, and additional therapy may be recommended in selected cases based on risk factors.
Stage III
Cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes but not to distant organs. Treatment typically involves a combination of surgery and chemotherapy to reduce the risk of recurrence.
Stage IV (Metastatic Colorectal Cancer)
Cancer has spread to distant organs such as the liver, lungs, or peritoneum. Although this stage is more advanced, selected patients may still benefit from multimodality treatment, including surgery, systemic therapy, and specialised procedures aimed at controlling disease and improving survival.
Accurate staging at RGCIRC allows the multidisciplinary team to tailor treatment intensity and sequence, ensuring the most effective and appropriate care for each patient.
Treatment Options for Colorectal Cancer at RGCIRC
Treatment for colorectal cancer depends on the stage of the disease, the location of the tumour, and the patient’s overall health. The following treatment options are commonly used, either alone or in combination, to achieve the best possible outcomes.
Surgical Treatment
Surgery is the cornerstone of colorectal cancer treatment and plays a key role in both early-stage and advanced disease. The type of surgery depends on the tumour’s location and extent. Common procedures include:
- Right or left hemicolectomy, where the affected portion of the colon is removed along with nearby lymph nodes
- Anterior resection or low anterior resection, used for tumours in the rectum while preserving bowel continuity when possible
- Abdominoperineal resection (APR) or extralevator abdominoperineal excision (ELAPE) for low rectal tumours where sphincter preservation is not feasible
- Sphincter-saving resections, prioritised whenever clinically appropriate to maintain bowel function
Minimally Invasive and Robotic Colorectal Surgery
RGCIRC offers advanced minimally invasive techniques that enhance surgical precision and support faster recovery. Laparoscopic colorectal surgery is performed through small incisions, which helps reduce postoperative pain, minimise scarring, and shorten hospital stay. Robotic colorectal surgery provides surgeons with improved visualisation and greater accuracy, making it especially valuable for complex procedures in the pelvic region.
Treatment for Advanced and Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
Patients with advanced or stage IV colorectal cancer may still benefit from specialised treatment strategies. At RGCIRC, carefully selected patients receive comprehensive care that may include:
- Neoadjuvant therapy to shrink tumours before surgery
- Staged surgical resections for primary and metastatic disease
- Radiofrequency or microwave ablation of liver metastases
- Metastasectomy for selected lung lesions
- HIPEC (Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy) for peritoneal metastases in eligible patients
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is commonly used after surgery to reduce recurrence risk or as primary treatment in advanced disease. It helps destroy cancer cells throughout the body and may be combined with other therapies for optimal control.
Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy
In selected cases, targeted therapy or immunotherapy may be recommended based on tumour biology.
Multidisciplinary Treatment Planning
Every colorectal cancer case at RGCIRC is reviewed by a tumour board comprising colorectal surgeons, medical oncologists, radiation oncologists, radiologists, and pathologists. This collaborative process ensures that treatment decisions are personalised, timely, and aligned with international standards of care.
Support, Recovery, and Long-Term Care
At RGCIRC, supportive services are integrated into every stage of care to help patients manage treatment-related effects, regain strength, and return to daily life with confidence. The following components play an important role in recovery and survivorship.
Managing Symptoms and Treatment Side Effects
Patients may experience temporary or long-term side effects during or after treatment. Early recognition and supportive care help maintain comfort and quality of life. Care may include:
- Management of pain, fatigue, nausea, or bowel changes
- Support for skin irritation or discomfort following surgery or radiation therapy
- Monitoring and timely management of treatment-related complications
Nutritional and Dietary Support
Nutrition is essential for healing and recovery, particularly after colorectal surgery or chemotherapy. RGCIRC provides:
- Individualised dietary guidance to support energy levels and bowel health
- Advice for managing appetite changes, digestion issues, or weight fluctuations
- Guidance on hydration and balanced nutrition during recovery
Stoma Care and Rehabilitation (When Required)
For patients who require a temporary or permanent stoma, specialised support is provided to ensure safe adaptation and independence. This includes:
- Education on stoma care and hygiene
- Support to manage daily activities confidently
- Guidance to prevent skin complications and infections
Emotional and Psychological Support
A colorectal cancer diagnosis can have a significant emotional impact. RGCIRC offers access to:
- Counselling services to help patients cope with anxiety, stress, or emotional adjustment
- Family support to assist caregivers during and after treatment
- Guidance to support mental wellbeing throughout recovery
Long-Term Follow-Up and Monitoring
Regular follow-up is essential to monitor recovery and detect any recurrence early. Long-term care may involve:
- Scheduled clinical assessments and imaging studies
- Blood tests and monitoring of tumour markers when indicated
- Guidance on lifestyle modifications to reduce recurrence risk
Through this comprehensive approach, RGCIRC ensures that patients receive ongoing support focused on recovery, long-term health, and improved quality of life after colorectal cancer treatment.
Why RGCIRC is a Trusted Centre for Colorectal Cancer Treatment
RGCIRC is recognised for its comprehensive and advanced approach to colorectal cancer care. The institute combines clinical expertise, advanced technology, and a patient-centred philosophy to manage both early-stage and complex colorectal RGCIRC’s.
Highly Experienced Colorectal Oncology Specialists
RGCIRC brings together highly skilled and renowned colorectal surgeons, medical oncologists, radiation oncologists, and specialised oncology nurses with extensive experience in managing colon and rectal cancers.
Advanced Surgical Expertise for Complex and Metastatic Disease
The institute is equipped to manage challenging cases, including locally advanced and metastatic colorectal cancer. Expertise in sphincter-saving procedures, advanced pelvic surgeries, liver and lung metastasis management, and HIPEC for selected patients allows tailored treatment even in advanced stages.
Minimally Invasive and Robotic Surgery Capabilities
RGCIRC offers laparoscopic and robotic colorectal surgery, enabling greater surgical precision, reduced postoperative pain, faster recovery, and improved functional outcomes, particularly for rectal cancer.
Multidisciplinary Tumour Board Approach
Every case is reviewed by a multidisciplinary tumour board involving surgeons, oncologists, radiologists, pathologists, and other specialists. This collaborative planning ensures that treatment decisions are individualised and aligned with international best practices.
Comprehensive Diagnostic and Treatment Infrastructure
Advanced imaging, endoscopy, pathology services, and modern oncology facilities support accurate staging, timely intervention, and continuity of care under one roof.
Focus on Long-Term Outcomes and Patient Wellbeing
Beyond treatment, RGCIRC emphasises structured follow-up, rehabilitation, nutritional support, and psychological care, helping patients achieve the best possible quality of life after colorectal cancer treatment.
Book a Consultation at RGCIRC
Early evaluation and timely treatment play a critical role in achieving the best possible outcomes for colorectal cancer. RGCIRC offers comprehensive diagnostic services, advanced surgical expertise, and personalised treatment planning for patients with colon and rectal cancers across all stages. To consult a colorectal cancer specialist or schedule an appointment, patients and caregivers can call at +91-11-47022222, or +91 11 27051037.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Q: What is colorectal cancer?
Colorectal cancer is a type of cancer that develops in the colon or rectum, which together form the large intestine. It often begins as a benign polyp that can turn cancerous over time if not detected and treated early.
Q: What are the common symptoms of colorectal cancer?
Symptoms may include changes in bowel habits, blood in the stool, abdominal pain, unexplained weight loss, fatigue, or persistent anaemia. Some people may have no symptoms in the early stages.
Q: How is colorectal cancer diagnosed?
Diagnosis usually involves colonoscopy with biopsy, imaging tests such as CT or MRI scans, and blood tests including tumour markers. These tests help confirm the diagnosis and determine the stage of the disease.
Q: What are the stages of colorectal cancer?
Colorectal cancer is classified from Stage I to Stage IV based on how far the cancer has spread. Early stages are limited to the bowel, while Stage IV indicates spread to distant organs such as the liver or lungs.
Q: Is colorectal cancer curable?
Yes. When detected early, colorectal cancer is often curable with surgery and appropriate follow-up treatment. Even in advanced stages, modern therapies can help control the disease and improve survival and quality of life.
Q: What treatment options are available for colorectal cancer?
Treatment may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy (especially for rectal cancer), targeted therapy, or immunotherapy. The choice of treatment depends on the stage, tumour location, and overall health of the patient.
Q: Can advanced or metastatic colorectal cancer be treated?
Yes. Selected patients with advanced or metastatic colorectal cancer may benefit from multimodality treatment, including systemic therapy, specialised surgery, ablation of liver metastases, or HIPEC, depending on individual factors.
Q: How does colorectal cancer treatment affect daily life?
Treatment may temporarily affect daily activities due to side effects such as fatigue or bowel changes. With supportive care, many patients are able to resume normal routines gradually during or after treatment.
Q: How can I find a reliable colorectal cancer hospital near me in Delhi-NCR?
When looking for specialised colorectal cancer care, it is important to choose a hospital with experienced colorectal surgeons, advanced diagnostic facilities, and a multidisciplinary oncology team. RGCIRC is a trusted option for colorectal cancer treatment in Delhi -NCR and across India.
Q: What is the cost of colorectal cancer treatment in Delhi, India?
The cost of treatment varies depending on the stage of cancer, type of surgery, and therapies required. At RGCIRC, patients receive transparent, individualised cost information during consultation to help plan treatment effectively.
