DONATELung Cancer Treatment
Overview
Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide, often detected at advanced stages because its early symptoms are subtle and easily mistaken for routine respiratory problems. In India, the situation is particularly concerning due to rising air pollution levels, elevated concentrations of particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), and occupational carcinogens such as asbestos, contributing significantly to lung health concerns. At RGCIRC (Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute & Research Centre), lung cancer care is guided by a multidisciplinary team that focuses on accurate diagnosis, stage-specific treatment planning, and continuous supportive care. With facilities equipped for advanced imaging, minimally invasive diagnostic procedures, modern radiation therapy, systemic treatments, and complex thoracic surgeries, the centre provides comprehensive and evidence-based care for all stages of lung cancer.
What is Lung Cancer?
Lung cancer develops when cells in the lung tissue begin to grow abnormally and form a tumour, which may interfere with breathing, invade cells, and can spread to other organs if not identified early. It is one of the most common cancers worldwide and remains a leading cause of cancer-related deaths as many cases are diagnosed at a later stage.
Although lung cancer can occur at any age, it is more frequently diagnosed in older adults. The risk increases with advancing age and long-term exposure to harmful substances. Smoking continues to be a major risk factor, but environmental contributors also play a significant role. The most concerning part is, lung cancer can also occur in people who have never smoked due to second-hand smoke exposure, indoor pollutants, or genetic predisposition.
Because the symptoms of lung cancer can resemble other illnesses such as tuberculosis, chronic infections, sarcoidosis, or fungal diseases, accurate diagnosis requires a thorough clinical and radiological evaluation.
Types of Lung Cancer
Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC)
Small cell lung cancer is less common but tends to grow and spread more rapidly. It is strongly linked to cigarette smoking and is often diagnosed at an advanced stage. Because of its fast progression, treatment usually begins promptly and may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of approaches depending on the extent of the disease.Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)
Non-small cell lung cancer is the most common form of lung cancer. It includes several subtypes, each with distinct characteristics:- Adenocarcinoma: Often found in the outer parts of the lungs and increasingly diagnosed in both smokers and non-smokers.
- Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Typically begins in the central airways and is strongly associated with smoking.
- Large Cell Carcinoma: A less common subtype that can appear in any part of the lung and may grow more quickly.
Signs and Symptoms of Lung Cancer
Respiratory Symptoms
- A persistent cough that does not improve
- A change in an existing chronic cough
- Hoarseness or changes in voice quality
- Shortness of breath or increased breathlessness during routine activities
- Wheezing or noisy breathing
- Coughing up blood or blood-streaked sputum
Chest and Localised Symptoms
- Dull or sharp chest pain that may worsen with deep breathing
- Recurrent chest infections or pneumonia
- Discomfort in the shoulder or upper back
General and Systemic Symptoms
- Unexplained weight loss
- Loss of appetite
- Persistent fatigue or reduced energy levels
Symptoms Related to Disease Spread
- Bone pain, especially in the back, ribs, or hips
- Headaches, dizziness, or neurological changes when cancer affects the brain
- Swelling in the face or neck due to pressure on major blood vessels
Causes and Risk Factors of Lung Cancer
Smoking and Tobacco Exposure
Active smoking is one of the most significant risk factors for lung cancer. Long-term exposure to cigarette, bidi, cigar, or pipe smoke can damage the lining of the lungs. Second-hand smoke exposure also increases risk, particularly in poorly ventilated indoor environments.Air Pollution and Particulate Matter
In India, prolonged exposure to air pollution, especially PM2.5 and PM10, has been linked with an increased risk of lung cancer. Urban pollution, vehicle emissions, and industrial fumes contribute to this exposure.Occupational and Environmental Exposures
Certain substances increase lung cancer risk, including:- Asbestos
- Radon gas
- Arsenic and other industrial chemicals
- Diesel exhaust
- Long-term exposure to dust and fumes in certain workplaces
Family History and Genetic Predisposition
A family history of lung cancer or inherited genetic factors may increase the likelihood of developing the disease, even in individuals who have never smoked.Previous Lung Diseases
Chronic lung conditions such as scarring from past infections, including tuberculosis, may slightly increase the risk of lung cancer in some individuals.Age and Long-Term Exposure
The risk of lung cancer increases with age, especially in adults over 60, due to cumulative exposure to harmful substances over time. While these factors may raise the risk, not everyone with these exposures develops lung cancer, and some individuals with no known risk factors may still be affected.Stages of Lung Cancer
Staging describes how far lung cancer has spread at the time of diagnosis. It helps doctors understand the extent of the disease and plan the most suitable treatment approach. Lung cancer staging differs slightly for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC), but the overall aim is the same: to determine whether the cancer is localised, has spread to nearby structures, or has reached distant organs.
Stages of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)
NSCLC is usually staged using the TNM system, which assesses the size of the tumour (T), involvement of nearby lymph nodes (N), and spread to other organs (M).
Stage I: The cancer is limited to the lung and has not spread to lymph nodes. Treatment may include surgery or other local therapies.
Stage II: The tumour may be larger or may have spread to nearby lymph nodes within the lung. Surgery, chemotherapy, or a combination of treatments may be considered.
Stage III: The cancer has spread to lymph nodes in the centre of the chest or involves nearby structures. Treatment often includes a combination of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and, in select cases, surgery.
Stage IV: The cancer has spread to distant organs such as the liver, bones, brain, or the other lung. Treatment focuses on controlling the disease and improving quality of life through systemic therapies and targeted care.
Stages of Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC)
SCLC is generally divided into two categories based on how widely the cancer has spread:
Limited-stage SCLC: Cancer is confined to one side of the chest and can be treated within a single radiation field. Combined chemotherapy and radiation therapy are commonly used.
Extensive-stage SCLC: Cancer has spread beyond the chest or to distant organs. Treatment focuses on systemic therapy, symptom relief, and supportive care.
Correct staging allows the medical team to recommend the most appropriate treatment plan.
How is Lung Cancer Diagnosed at RGCIRC?
Diagnosing lung cancer requires a combination of imaging studies, laboratory tests, and procedures that examine tissue samples. Because many other lung conditions can resemble lung cancer, a structured and thorough approach helps ensure an accurate diagnosis. At Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute & Research Centre (RGCIRC), doctors use the following methods to identify the disease and determine its stage:
Clinical Evaluation and Medical History
Doctors begin by assessing symptoms, reviewing smoking or exposure history, and examining overall respiratory health. This information guides the choice of diagnostic tests.
Chest X-ray
A chest X-ray can show abnormalities in the lungs or surrounding structures. Although it cannot confirm lung cancer on its own, it is often the first step in evaluating respiratory symptoms.
CT Scan (Computed Tomography)
A CT scan provides detailed cross-sectional images of the lungs and helps identify the size, shape, and location of a suspected tumour. It also helps detect enlarged lymph nodes or areas where the cancer may have spread.
PET-CT Scan
PET-CT combines metabolic and anatomical imaging to detect areas of increased activity that may indicate cancer. It helps in staging the disease and planning treatment, especially when assessing distant spread.
MRI
MRI is sometimes used to assess brain involvement or evaluate specific areas where greater soft-tissue clarity is required.
Bronchoscopy
Bronchoscopy allows doctors to look inside the airways using a thin, flexible tube with a camera. Tissue samples can be collected during the procedure for pathological examination.
Image-Guided Biopsy
CT-guided or ultrasound-guided biopsy techniques help obtain tissue samples from lung nodules or lymph nodes. A biopsy confirms the diagnosis and determines the type of lung cancer.
Molecular and Genetic Testing
For certain types of lung cancer, particularly NSCLC, doctors may perform molecular tests to look for specific genetic mutations or markers. These results help guide targeted therapy and immunotherapy options.
These diagnostic tools help the multidisciplinary team at RGCIRC understand the exact type and stage of lung cancer, allowing for personalised and evidence-based treatment planning.
Lung Cancer Treatment Options at RGCIRC
Surgical Management of Lung Cancer
Surgery is an important treatment option for certain early-stage or locally advanced non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC). The aim is to remove the tumour and nearby affected tissue while preserving as much lung function as possible.- Lobectomy: Removal of an entire lobe of the lung. This is the most common surgical approach for operable NSCLC and offers good long-term outcomes in appropriate cases.
- Segmentectomy or Wedge Resection: Removal of smaller portions of lung tissue. These procedures may be considered for small tumours, early-stage disease, or when preserving lung function is a priority.
- Pneumonectomy: Removal of an entire lung, used only when the tumour cannot be removed with smaller resections. Careful pre-operative evaluation ensures safety and suitability.
- Minimally Invasive or Thoracoscopic Surgery: Selected patients may benefit from minimally invasive techniques such as video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) or robotic-assisted procedures, which can support faster recovery and reduced postoperative discomfort.
Systemic Therapy for Lung Cancer
Systemic treatments circulate throughout the body and are used for both non-small cell and small cell lung cancers.- Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy helps shrink or control cancer cells and may be used before surgery (neoadjuvant), after surgery (adjuvant), or as the primary treatment for advanced disease. It may also be combined with radiation therapy in certain stages.
- Targeted Therapy: Targeted therapies act on specific genetic changes in cancer cells, such as EGFR, ALK, ROS1, or other biomarkers. Molecular testing helps identify which patients may benefit from these treatments.
- Immunotherapy: Immunotherapy enhances the body’s immune response against cancer cells. It may be used in advanced NSCLC or select cases of SCLC based on PD-L1 status and other factors.
Radiation Therapy
Radiation therapy uses high-energy beams to target and control cancer cells. It may be used as a primary treatment, combined with chemotherapy, or for symptom relief Systemic Therapy for Lung Cancer Systemic treatments circulate throughout the body and are used for both non-small cell and small cell lung cancers.- Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy helps shrink or control cancer cells and may be used before surgery (neoadjuvant), after surgery (adjuvant), or as the primary treatment for advanced disease. It may also be combined with radiation therapy in certain stages.
- Targeted Therapy: Targeted therapies act on specific genetic changes in cancer cells, such as EGFR, ALK, ROS1, or other biomarkers. Molecular testing helps identify which patients may benefit from these treatments.
- Immunotherapy: Immunotherapy enhances the body’s immune response against cancer cells. It may be used in advanced NSCLC or select cases of SCLC based on PD-L1 status and other factors.
- Curative Radiation: For patients who are not candidates for surgery.
- Chemoradiation: Combined approach for certain stage III cancers.
- Palliative Radiation: Helps reduce pain, breathlessness, bleeding, or symptoms caused by spread to the brain or bones.
Palliative and Supportive Care
Supportive care is an essential part of lung cancer treatment at any stage. RGCIRC provides:- Management of breathlessness, cough, and pain
- Nutrition support to maintain strength and manage treatment-related side effects
- Psychological counselling
- Rehabilitation services to improve respiratory function and mobility
- Symptom-relief procedures, such as draining fluid around the lungs when needed
Why RGCIRC is a Trusted Lung Cancer Treatment Hospital in Delhi, India
Lung cancer care requires a coordinated approach involving specialists who understand the complexities of early detection, accurate staging, and advanced treatment planning. At Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute & Research Centre (RGCIRC), each patient receives care shaped by evidence-based practices, modern technology, and a strong commitment to safety and comfort. Here’s why RGCIRC is a trusted choice for lung cancer treatment in India:
Experienced Lung Cancer and Thoracic Oncology Specialists
RGCIRC brings together a team of experienced thoracic surgeons, medical oncologists, radiation oncologists, pulmonologists, and nuclear medicine experts. Their combined expertise supports precise diagnosis, stage-specific treatment planning, and ongoing monitoring throughout the care journey.
Advanced Diagnostic and Treatment Facilities
The centre is equipped with comprehensive diagnostic tools, including CT, PET-CT, MRI, bronchoscopy, and image-guided biopsy services. These technologies support accurate staging and help personalise treatment decisions.
Expertise in Surgery, Systemic Therapies, and Radiation
Patients have access to a full range of treatment options such as minimally invasive lung surgery, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and advanced radiation techniques. This allows doctors to design treatment plans that reflect the specific type and stage of lung cancer.
Multidisciplinary Tumour Board Approach
Each case is reviewed through a collaborative process where specialists from multiple disciplines discuss test findings and recommend the most appropriate course of treatment. This ensures that every decision is guided by collective expertise and the latest clinical evidence.
Integrated Supportive Care Services
RGCIRC recognises the physical and emotional challenges associated with lung cancer. Dedicated teams provide nutrition guidance, psychological counselling, pain management, respiratory rehabilitation, and symptom-specific procedures to support comfort and well-being.
Research- and Evidence-Based Care
The institute participates in ongoing clinical research and academic collaborations aimed at advancing cancer care. This allows the clinical team to stay updated with emerging developments and apply practices aligned with global standards.
Transparent and Patient-Centred Pathways
Clear communication, structured care plans, and transparent discussions about treatment options help patients and families navigate each stage with confidence. The centre prioritises patient comfort, safety, and informed decision-making.
Recovery, Follow-Up Care, and Life After Lung Cancer Treatment
Recovery after lung cancer treatment varies for each individual and depends on the type of cancer, stage at diagnosis, and treatments received. This phase focuses on regaining strength, managing symptoms, monitoring for recurrence, and supporting overall well-being. At Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute & Research Centre (RGCIRC), recovery and follow-up care are integrated into every treatment plan to ensure safe and structured support. We provide:
Respiratory Rehabilitation and Physical Recovery
Breathing exercises, pulmonary rehabilitation, and guided physical activity help improve lung function and energy levels after surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy. Rehabilitation specialists at RGCIRC work with patients to design safe, gradual programmes based on their needs.
Nutrition Support
Maintaining adequate nutrition can be challenging during and after treatment. Our dieticians offer personalised guidance to help manage appetite changes, maintain weight, and support the body’s healing process.
Symptom Management and Pain Control
Some individuals may continue to experience symptoms such as breathlessness, cough, or discomfort. Pain specialists and supportive care teams at RGCIRC provide ongoing management to enhance daily comfort and quality of life.
Emotional and Psychological Support
A lung cancer diagnosis can be overwhelming for both patients and their families. At RGCIRC, trained counsellors and psychologists provide dedicated emotional and psychological support, helping individuals cope with anxiety, mood changes, treatment-related stress, and the overall impact of managing a long-term condition.
Regular Follow-Up and Monitoring
Scheduled follow-up visits help doctors track recovery, manage long-term effects of treatment, and identify any signs of recurrence at the earliest stage. Depending on the care plan, these appointments may include physical examinations, imaging tests, and laboratory investigations to ensure ongoing health and timely intervention whenever needed.
Long-Term Well-Being
Lifestyle guidance, smoking cessation support when needed, and continued monitoring help individuals maintain long-term lung health and overall wellness. RGCIRC’s team ensures that patients have access to resources that support their physical, emotional, and functional recovery.
Book an Appointment at RGCIRC Today
Lung cancer can be overwhelming, especially when symptoms progress unexpectedly or the diagnosis brings uncertainty for patients and their families. In such moments, reaching the right cancer centre becomes crucial for timely, accurate, and compassionate care. Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute & Research Centre provides a comprehensive and patient-centred approach to lung cancer management, supported by experienced oncologists, advanced diagnostic technology, and treatment plans tailored to each individual’s condition and needs. Every patient is guided through their care journey with clarity, comfort, and continuous support. To consult a cancer specialist at Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute & Research Centre, one of the best lung cancer treatment hospitals in India, call +91-11-47022222 or fill out our contact form.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Which hospital is best for lung cancer treatment in Delhi?
Specialised cancer centres such as RGCIRC offer comprehensive lung cancer treatment supported by advanced diagnostics, multidisciplinary evaluation, and evidence-based therapies, making them a preferred choice for patients in Delhi and nearby areas.
What are the early symptoms of lung cancer?
Early symptoms may include a persistent cough, breathlessness, hoarseness, chest discomfort, or unexplained weight loss. Some people may have no symptoms until the disease progresses, which is why timely evaluation is important.
How is lung cancer diagnosed?
Doctors may use CT scans, PET-CT, bronchoscopy, or image-guided biopsy to confirm lung cancer and determine its stage. Additional tests such as molecular profiling help guide targeted treatments.
Is lung cancer curable?
Certain early-stage lung cancers may be treated with curative intent, especially when diagnosed early and managed with appropriate therapy. Advanced-stage disease focuses on controlling the cancer, relieving symptoms, and supporting quality of life.
What causes lung cancer in people who do not smoke?
Non-smokers may develop lung cancer due to second-hand smoke, air pollution, occupational exposures, genetic factors, or previous lung disease.
What is the difference between small cell and non-small cell lung cancer?
Small cell lung cancer tends to grow and spread more quickly, while non-small cell lung cancer includes several subtypes and often follows a different treatment pathway. Diagnosis helps determine the appropriate approach.
What tests are used to detect lung cancer near me?
Common tests include chest CT scans, PET-CT imaging, bronchoscopy, and lung biopsies. These services are available at specialised lung cancer hospitals in Delhi such as RGCIRC.
Can air pollution increase the risk of lung cancer?
Long-term exposure to polluted air, especially particulate matter such as PM2.5 and PM10, has been associated with an increased risk of lung cancer.
What treatment options are available for stage 4 lung cancer in India?
Treatment may include chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and palliative radiation, depending on the tumour type and overall health.
What kind of diet is suggested for lung cancer patients?
Nutritional needs vary, so dieticians recommend personalised plans that support strength, manage treatment-related side effects, and help maintain overall health.
